Components in Art Education Essay -- essays papers

Components in Art Education Balanced programs for art education have been constantly changing and adapting over the years. One program that was developed back in the late 1960’s by Elliot Eisner incorporated three areas of art into the curriculum. These included art object, art criticism and the historical context of art. His program developed into a theoretical base for art curriculum in the elementary schools that is very similar to programs used today (Madeja 2001). Today most art education programs are made up of four components. One of these components is art aesthetics. Aesthetics is the study of the nature of a piece of artwork. It analyzes the work by asking specific questions regarding the artist and the piece. The viewer becomes the judge in a sense. It tries to discover what the artwork might be representing. They could also ask what type of emotion the artist was trying to convey in their work. The viewer also takes part in analyzing the physical aspects and characteristics of the work. It focuses on the use of color, sequence and synchrony of an artwork. It notes the artist’s craftsmanship, artistic ability and proficiency in technique (Hoffman 1999). Art criticism is another component of art instruction. It includes showing appreciation for an artwork and its purpose. The critic uses their own knowledge of art and their own depiction of the work to make an opinionated statement on it. It requires background knowledge and a trained eye of perception to be able to make an accurate analysis of a person’s work. This includes knowledge of the physical details, design, technique and style of the work (Hurwitz 1991). Art history is also a component of art education. This component includes teaching children ... ... academic subject. Overby, L. (1992). Status of dance in education (Report No. ED348368). Washington, DC: Eric Clearinghouse on Teacher Education. Discusses the status of dance as a part of the elementary school curriculum. This Digest examines the rationale for dance in education, the status of dance education, and selected issues in dance education. Cato, T. (2001, January1). Reasons to support art education. Retrieved September 18th, 2002 from http://www.gaea.armstrong.edu/. Promotes the teaching of art education in Georgia. Calls for research into art education to show its benefits and advantages. Kaiser, M. (2002, June). National standards of art education. Retrieved October 29th, 2002 from http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/. Provides the national standards for art education. Also has teaching materials and professional resources for art educators.

Basic Academic Writing Essay

Making a Venn diagram or a chart can help you quickly and efficiently compare and contrast two or more things or ideas. To make a Venn diagram, simply draw some overlapping circles, one circle for each item you’re considering. In the central area where they overlap, list the traits the two items have in common. Example: 1. Write each topic name above one of the circles. List attributes or qualities of that topic in the circle, placing any shared qualities in the overlapping section. Be specific and use details. 2. Review the lists and identify three categories or aspects that describe these details. 3. Then choose one option (point by point or block method) to structure your essay. Comparison-contrast Thesis The thesis of your comparison/contrast paper is very important: it can help  you create a focused argument and give your reader a road map so she/he doesn’t get lost in the sea of points you are about to make. As in any paper, you will want to replace vague reports of your general topic (for example, â€Å"This paper will compare and contrast two pizza places,† or â€Å"Pepper’s and Amante are similar in some ways and different in others,† or â€Å"Pepper’s and Amante are similar in many ways, but they have one major difference†) with something more detailed and specific. For example, you might say, â€Å"Pepper’s and Amante have similar prices and ingredients, but their atmospheres and willingness to deliver set them apart.† Be careful, though—although this thesis is fairly specific and does propose a simple argument (that atmosphere and delivery make the two pizza places different), your instructor will often be looki ng for a bit more analysis. In this case, the obvious question is â€Å"So what? Why should anyone care that Pepper’s and Amante are different in this way?† One might also wonder why the writer chose those two particular pizza places to compare—why not Papa John’s, Dominos, or Pizza Hut? Again, thinking about the context the class provides may help you answer such questions and make a stronger argument. Here’s a revision of the thesis mentioned earlier: Pepper’s and Amante both offer a greater variety of ingredients than other Chapel Hill/Carrboro pizza places (and than any of the national chains), but the funky, lively atmosphere at Pepper’s makes it a better place to give visiting friends and family a taste of local culture. How do I know if my thesis is strong? If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following: Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than  making an argument. Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like â€Å"good† or â€Å"successful,† see if you could be more specific: why is something â€Å"good†; what specifically makes something â€Å"successful†? Does my thesis pass the â€Å"So what?† test? If a reader’s first response is, â€Å"So what?† then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue. Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s o.k. to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary. Does my thesis pass the â€Å"how and why?† test? If a reader’s first response is â€Å"how?† or â€Å"why?† your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning. Example of Comparison-Contrast Essay The Similarities and Differences between Public and Private Universities Malaysia has progressed in many areas since its independence. One significant area that all our past and present leaders have emphasized is education. The drastic growth in the number of universities over the past 20 years signifies this, together with the increasing demand for post-secondary education. Therefore, when public universities faced major challenges in operating within the limitations of the financial aid given by the government, the government not only encouraged private institutions to play a more active role in the higher education industry, but also supported these institutions in their efforts to increase their student intake. In 2006, there were 17 public universities and 21 private universities. Within a year, these numbers ballooned to 20 and 30 respectively. Today, students who wish to pursue higher education are spoilt for choices as there are plenty of courses offered in both public and private universities. However,  deciding on which higher education instit ution to go to, after completing secondary school, is a crucial undertaking. Students need to compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of both types of institutions based on the courses available, the course fees charged and the competitiveness of these universities. Firstly, the types of courses that public and private universities offer vary significantly. Public institutions offer a whole range of courses that cover various aspects of science, business, social sciences and humanities in an ala-carte form. For example, the engineering programmes incorporate all aspects of engineering which include specialised areas such as marine, gas and aeronautical. Likewise, the business programmes in these institutions include various degrees in business administration like Islamic banking and insurance. In contrast, private universities only focus on programmes that have higher market value such as health sciences, religious studies, history and literature are not offered by these universities. This is especially so since they are profit-driven institutions. In fact, private institutions only specialise in certain fields, such as health sciences. University Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, for example, specialises in medicine, pharmacy, nursi ng and radiotherapy, while Masterskill University College specialises in nursing, physiotherapy and environmental health, among others. With such vast choices available, students should choose which university to go to and what programme to enrol in wisely. Another difference between public and private universities lies in the course fees. Even though the roles and responsibilities of both types of institutions are similar, the way they are structured is different. Public universities charge rather modest fees as compared to private universities. The primary reason for this is that public universities are largely funded by the government, as opposed to private universities that are usually privately funded by shareholders. For a public university the high cost involved in managing one is borne by the government. In contrast, private universities manage their institutions through the shareholders’ funds and the revenue they earned. Private universities charge a high fee for their  courses as a means of increasing the revenue. The amount charged is normally very much higher compared to that charged by public universities, where the course fees are subsidised by the government. For instance, the fee to study medicine in University Malaya is about RM100 000 whereas in International Medical University (IMU), the fee is about RM350 000. However, since the income per capita of Malaysians has increased; many parents can afford to pay such expensive fees. Moreover, education has become a priority in Malaysia. The government is willing to support these private institutions by making student loans such as those offered by Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional (PTPTN) available for students. This helps to lessen not only parents’ burden, but also the shareholders’. Despite these differences, public and private universities are similar in being competitive in nature. They compete to be the best educational institution in their respective fields of study. Both types of institutions strive to stay abreast to sustain their position in the education industry. The benchmark has been raised very high so that every university has to be sensitive to their customers’ needs. Most universities have made wi-fi connections available around their campus and have upgraded facilities such as computer laboratories, hostels, cafeterias and transportation. Apart from that, these universities also recruit the best faculty staff to make the teaching and learning process an exciting journey. In addition, these universities advertise their annual graduation ceremonies and highlight their top academic achievers to maintain their name and ranking among the top universities. All these criteria have become the yardstick for universities to measure their reputation as world-class education institutions. There is paradigm shift today in the way parents and children regard education. Parents nowadays are sending their children to higher education institutions so that they could obtain a minimum university qualification. Students take up university courses not only to obtain wisdom and knowledge, but also to acquire the expertise and qualifications needed to compete in today’s knowledge-based economy. Thus, it is up to the students to compare the similarities and differences between a public university and a private  university before deciding which institution to pursue their tertiary education in.

Austronesian Migration Essay

Synopsis: Austronesia, in historical terms, refers to the homeland of the peoples who speak Austronesian languages, including Malay, Filipino, Indonesian, Maori, Malagasy, native Hawaiian, the Fijian language and around a thousand other languages. The Austronesian homeland is thought by linguists to have been prehistoric Taiwan. Review: Researchers believed that our Ancestors came from Southern China and traveled through Taiwan and arrive in Batanes, a northernmost province in the Philippines. They Inhabited the Area for over a Thousand Years. After a thousand years they travelled to south and arrived at Madagascar and also travelled east and arrived at Easter Island in South America. These travelers are called â€Å"Austronesian Speaking People† which means speakers from the South East Asian countries like Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and many more. Austronesian People are also Great Seafarers. They build and use Canoes for travelling the Open seas. They also developed the Technology to navigate and cross the Open seas. Historian’s believed that the Early Filipino’s used Outrigger canoes and sails for very large explorations. And they conclude that our Ancestors doesn’t cross land bridges from Brunei instead they used boats for Transportation. It is believed that Austronesians greatly contribute in the creation of different South East Asian languages an. These discoveries are proved by Relics and Artifacts found in the Colonized countries. Like Burial Jars ( Manunggul Jar ), Talismans, Jewelries ( Lingling-o ) and Tools/Ornaments. Since the Ancient times, Trades are present in the Philippines. Our Ancestors are trading Ornaments and goods for Minerals, Porcelain items, Jewelries, Accessories etc. This proves that our Ancestors played an important role in the Growth of the  Culture and Languages in the whole world.

Australian Federation essays

Australian Federation essays When Australia was first established by white people, Governor Phillip had various powers and was able to rule in an autocratic way to keep the population under control (70% of whom were convicts). The wealthy and privileged filled the early parliaments and courts, which was an unofficial aristocracy. The citizens of the colonies were British citizens in a constitutional monarchy; a political system which is subject to the provisions of a constitution and in which a monarch has a right to be represented. Separate colonies developed into states that were united under a federal system of government after Federation in 1901. Gradually the influence of British governance declined. In the 1840s, males over 21 years old, in the Australian colony who rented or owned properties worth 200 or more were only allowed to vote. Early elections were not decided by secret ballot. Only prosperous people could afford to be parliamentarians as parliamentarians were not paid a salary. People who settled in Australia voiced their opinions about democratic ideals as they did not agree on these undemocratic practices. The working people from Britain fought for better conditions and a right to be heard. In the 1850s, countless people had gone to the goldfields in Victoria where a strong campaign began for reasonable treatment of less fortunate people. In 1854, the Eureka Stockade was an armed uprising by gold miners, and it began out of fury over a licence fee that had to be paid by them. The miners had no political representation; therefore they felt that the fee was unreasonable. The symbol for the fight for justice and equality continues to be represented by the flag that was raised during the stockade, and has been proposed as a national flag, should Australian become a republic; a country in a which the head of a state is elected. In 1856, voting by secret ballot came to Victoria and South Australia, while it came to New South Wa ...

Create and Customize Buttons With the DBNavigator

Create and Customize Buttons With the DBNavigator Ok, the DBNavigator does its job of navigating data and managing records. Unfortunately, my customers want more user-friendly experience, like custom button graphics and captions, ... This inquiry came from a Delphi developer searching for a way to enhance the power of the DBNavigator component.   The DBNavigator is a great component- it provides a VCR-like interface for navigating data and managing records in database applications. Record navigation is provided by the First, Next, Prior, and Last buttons. Record management is provided by the Edit, Post, Cancel, Delete, Insert, and Refresh buttons. In one component Delphi provides everything you need, to operate on your data. However, as the author of the e-mail inquiry also stated, the DBNavigator lacks some features like custom glyphs, button captions, and others. A More Powerful DBNavigator Many Delphi components have useful properties and methods that are marked invisible (protected) to a Delphi developer. Hopefully, to access such protected members of a component, a simple technique called the protected hack can be used. First, youll add a caption to every DBNavigator button, then youll add custom graphics, and finally, youll OnMouseUp-enable each button.   From the boring DBNavigator to either of: Standard graphics and custom captionsOnly captionsCustom graphics and custom captions Lets Rock n Roll The DBNavigator has a protected Buttons property. This member is an array of TNavButton, a descendant of TSpeedButton.   Since each button in this protected property inherits from TSpeedButton, if you get our hands on it, youll be able to work with standard TSpeedButton properties like: Caption (a string that identifies the control to the user), Glyph (the bitmap that appears on the button), Layout (determines where the image or text appears on the button)... From the DBCtrls unit (where DBNavigator is defined) you read that the protected Buttons property is declared as: Buttons: array[TNavigateBtn] of TNavButton; Where TNavButton inherits from TSpeedButton and TNavigateBtn is an enumeration, defined as : TNavigateBtn (nbFirst, nbPrior, nbNext, nbLast, nbInsert, nbDelete, nbEdit, nbPost, nbCancel, nbRefresh); Note that TNavigateBtn holds 10 values, each identifying different button on a TDBNavigator object. Now, lets see how to hack a DBNavigator: Enhanced DBNavigator​ First, set up a simple data editing Delphi form by placing at least a DBNavigator, a DBGrid, a DataSoure and a Dataset object of your choice (ADO, BDE, dbExpres, ...). Make sure all components are connected. Second, hack a DBNavigator by defining an inherited dummy class, above the Form declaration, like: type THackDBNavigator class(TDBNavigator); type TForm1 class(TForm) ... Next, to be able to display custom captions and graphics on each DBNavigator button, youll need to set up some glyphs. You can use the TImageList component and assign 10 pictures (.bmp or .ico), each representing an action of a particular button of a DBNavigator. Third, in the OnCreate event for the Form1, add a call like: procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject); SetupHackedNavigator(DBNavigator1, ImageList1);end; Make sure you add the declaration of this procedure in the private part of the form declaration, like: type TForm1 class(TForm) ... privateprocedure SetupHackedNavigator(const Navigator : TDBNavigator; const Glyphs : TImageList); ... Fourth, add the SetupHackedNavigator procedure. The SetupHackedNavigator procedure adds custom graphics to each button and assigns a custom caption to each button. uses Buttons; //!!! dont forgetprocedure TForm1.SetupHackedNavigator (const Navigator : TDBNavigator; const Glyphs : TImageList);const Captions : array[TNavigateBtn] of string (Initial, Previous, Later, Final, Add, Erase, Correct, Send, Withdraw, Revive);(* Captions : array[TNavigateBtn] of string (First, Prior, Next, Last, Insert, Delete, Edit, Post, Cancel, Refresh); in Croatia (localized): Captions : array[TNavigateBtn] of string (Prvi, Prethodni, Slijedeci, Zadnji, Dodaj, Obrisi, Promjeni, Spremi, Odustani, Osvjezi);*)var btn : TNavigateBtn;beginfor btn : Low(TNavigateBtn) to High(TNavigateBtn) dowith THackDBNavigator(Navigator).Buttons[btn] dobegin//from the Captions const array Caption : Captions[btn]; //the number of images in the Glyph property NumGlyphs : 1; // Remove the old glyph. Glyph : nil; // Assign the custom one Glyphs.GetBitmap(Integer(btn),Glyph); // gylph above text Layout : blGlyphTop; // explained later OnMouseUp : HackNavMouseUp; end;end; (*SetupHackedNav igator*) Ok, lets explain. You iterate through all the buttons in the DBNavigator. Recall that each button is accessible from the protected Buttons array property- therefore the need for the THackDBNavigator class. Since the type of the Buttons array is TNavigateBtn, you go from the first (using the  Low  function) button to the last (using the  High  function) one. For each button, you simply remove the old glyph, assign the new one (from the Glyphs parameter), add the caption from the Captions array and mark the layout of the glyph. Note that you can control which buttons are displayed by a DBNavigator (not the hacked one) through its VisibleButtons property. Another property whose default value you may want to change is Hints- use it to supply Help Hints of your choosing for the individual navigator button. You can control the display of the Hints by editing the ShowHints property. Thats it. This is why youve picked Delphi! Gimme More! Why stop here? You know that when you click the nbNext button the datasets current position is advanced to the next record. What if you want to move, lets say, 5 records ahead if the user is holding the CTRL key while pressing the button? How about that?   The standard DBNavigator does not have the OnMouseUp event- the one that carries the Shift parameter of the TShiftState- enabling you to test for the state of the Alt, Ctrl, and Shift keys. The DBNavigator only provides the OnClick event for you to handle.   However, the THackDBNavigator can simply expose the OnMouseUp event and enable you to see the state of the control keys and even the position of the cursor above the particular button when clicked! Ctrl Click : 5 Rows Ahead To expose the OnMouseUp you simply assign your custom event handling procedure to the OnMouseUp event for the button of the hacked DBNavigator. This exactly is already done in the SetupHackedNavigator procedure:OnMouseUp : HackNavMouseUp; Now, the HackNavMouseUp procedure could look like: procedure TForm1.HackNavMouseUp (Sender:TObject; Button: TMouseButton; Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer);const MoveBy : integer 5;beginif NOT (Sender is TNavButton) then Exit; case TNavButton(Sender).Index of nbPrior: if (ssCtrl in Shift) then TDBNavigator(TNavButton(Sender).Parent). DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(-MoveBy); nbNext: if (ssCtrl in Shift) then TDBNavigator(TNavButton(Sender).Parent). DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(MoveBy); end; end;(*HackNavMouseUp*) Note that you need to add the signature of the HackNavMouseUp procedure inside the private part of the form declaration (near the declaration of the SetupHackedNavigator procedure): type TForm1 class(TForm) ... privateprocedure SetupHackedNavigator(const Navigator : TDBNavigator; const Glyphs : TImageList); procedure HackNavMouseUp(Sender:TObject; Button: TMouseButton; Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer); ... Ok, lets explain, one more time. The HackNavMouseUp procedure handles the OnMouseUp event for each DBNavigator button. If the user is holding the CTRL key while clicking the nbNext button, the current record for the linked dataset is moved MoveBy (defined as constant with the value of 5) records ahead. What? Overcomplicated? Yep. You do not need to mess with all this if you only need to check the state of the control keys when the button was clicked. Heres how to do the same in the ordinary OnClick event of the ordinary DBNavigator: procedure TForm1.DBNavigator1Click(Sender: TObject; Button: TNavigateBtn); function CtrlDown : Boolean; var State : TKeyboardState; begin GetKeyboardState(State); Result : ((State[vk_Control] And 128) 0); end;const MoveBy : integer 5;begincase Button of nbPrior: if CtrlDown then DBNavigator1.DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(-MoveBy); nbNext: if CtrlDown then DBNavigator1.DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(MoveBy); end; //caseend;(*DBNavigator2Click*) Thats All Folks And finally, the project is done.  Or you can keep going.  Heres a scenario/task/idea for you:   Lets say you want only one button to replace the nbFirst, nbPrevious, nbNext, and nbLast buttons. You can use the X, and Y parameters inside the HackNavMouseUp procedure to find the position of the cursor when the button was released. Now, to this one button (to rule them all) you can attach a picture that has 4 areas, each area is suppose to mimic one of the buttons you are replacing ... got the point?

Inflation trends QATAR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inflation trends QATAR - Essay Example Qatar is the world’s top liquefied natural gas exporter (Reuters, 2011). The economy of Qatar has a policy of maintaining prices and currency stability. Since the early eighties, â€Å"by stimulating economic policies the monetary policy of Qatar was directed†In specific, the average inflation rate of this period was relatively low. For the period of 90s, the rate was at 2.25% that was due the defensive actions of the central bank. However, the Qatar economy is somewhat pegged, because it maintains its currency at a fixed rate. The major objective of the central bank was to maintain the rate as (Q.R 3.64= $1) (Abdulrazaq, Shotar, & Al-Quran, pp. 118-126, 2003). However, the trends show that inflation in Qatar was falling in the eighties. The reason behind this was that there has always been government intervention due to which it was controlling the inflation prices by having an influence on the money supply. Qatar was experiencing a downtrend in inflation until 2004 wh en the long termed deflationary trend ended (Inflation Data, 2010). (Trading Economics, 2010) Inflation in the Gulf Cooperation Council continued to rise with each of the members experiencing a double-digit rise in prices. However, Qatar is one of the countries that have been under most impact due to the increase. The led the government to enact unprecedented protectionist policies (Hassan & Nakibullah, pp. 1-5, 2008). Qatar experienced 15% inflation in 2008. It is an assumption to have the fastest growing economy in the Gulf Cooperation Council and is an assumption to experience the least changes in inflation this year as well as the next. In December 2010, â€Å"Qatar returned to inflation due to which the costs of living rose to 0.4 percent† (Merzaban, 2008). This was so because there was a rise in the prices of clothes, transport, and entertainment. Similarly, on the other hand, rental and energy costs fell. However, deflation is easing in Qatar in recent years because â €Å"the OPEC member’s economy recovered from a slowdown in 2009 when prices fell from 4.9%† (Merzaban, 2008). However, prices in November remained flat. The three major factors, which contribute in the soaring of the inflation rates in Qatar specifically, are the high levels of government spending, growing demands of housing, because of which the prices of the houses and rents are pushed up, and the pegging of riyals with dollars, due to which the interest rates are falling (Whiteman, 2008). If practically take each factor into account, we come to a conclusion which says, that when there is a general rise in government spending, so this pushes up the aggregate demand, which is one of the causes of inflation taking place. Taking the other factor into account- there is an increase in the demand for housing means that more people are there, which means that increased population, which again increases the aggregate demand, hence pushing the inflationary prices. Furthermore , when one converse about the riyals being pegged against the dollars, this means that the government is holding back its reserves in order to control the prices, which eventually extinguishes and hence this leads to a boost in prices causing inflation in the economy (Whiteman, 2008). Another reason for growing rates of inflation in Qatar is that Qatar is the world’s largest exporter and trans-shipper of Liquefied Natural Gas. In addition, it will remain the fastest growing economy despite the lower oil prices. Due to being the largest exporter of Liquefied Natural Gas, the economy can experience increased rates of currency, which will lead a general increase in prices and hence inflation (Reuters, 2011). The increased rates of inflation that have taken place are mostly due to the higher global food prices. Food is a necessity and due to the increased populat

The Impact of ASEAN Free Trade Agreement on Malaysian Automotive Dissertation

The Impact of ASEAN Free Trade Agreement on Malaysian Automotive Industry - Dissertation Example verview of Research Methods 3 1.6 Research Significance 4 1.7 Dissertation 4 1.8 Summary 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Overview of Malaysian Automotive Industry 6 2.3 ASEAN Free Trade Area 9 2.4 Malaysian Governments’ Reaction to AFTA 10 2.5 Impact of AFTA on Industry 13 Chapter 3: Research Methodology 18 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 Research Approach 18 3.3 Research Methods 19 3.4 Research Design 20 3.4.1 Sample 20 3.4.2 Data Collection Method 21 3.4.3 Data Collection Instrument 22 3.4.4 Data Analysis 22 3.5 Ethical Considerations 23 3.6 Summary 23 Chapter 4: Findings and Results 24 4.1 Introduction 24 4.2 Section A: Findings from the Customer Interviews 24 4.2.1 Customers’ Perception of Impact of AFTA 24 4.2.2 Customers’ Perception of the fate of PROTON and PERDUA with AFTA 25 4.2.3 Perception of Governments’ Policies 27 4.2.4 Customers’ Preference: Imported vs. Indigenous 27 4.2.5 Customers’ Perception of Problems as a direct result of AFTA 28 4.2.6 Customers’ Perception of Advantages of AFTA 29 4.2.7 Customers’ Perception of the Problems Related to Increase in Traffic Post AFTA.29 4.2.8 Customers’ Perception of Public Transport 30 4.2.9 Customers’ Perception of Selling Indigenous Cars to buy Imported Cars 30 4.2.10 Customers’ Perception of Need to Support Local Manufacturers 30 4.2.11 Customers’ Opinion of Changes that PROTON and PERODUA should undergo to meet the challenges of AFTA 31 4.3 Section B: Financial Analysis of PROTON and PERODUA 31 4.3.1 Ratio Analysis - PROTON HOLDINGS BHD 31 4.3.2 Ratio Analysis - DAIHATSU 35 Chapter 5: Discussion and Analysis 39 5.1 Introduction 39 5.2 Malaysian Government’s Approach to Combat impacts of AFTA 39 5.3 Perception of Malaysian consumers on Policies of Malaysian Government 43...The industry has shown a 20% growth in output in 2010 and appears to be heading towards an era of continuous growth in the futur e (Dinne et al, 2010). While Malaysia started as a country where International brands of cars were initially assembled, the progressive policies of the government have now made the country a manufacturer of world class vehicles. Perusahaan AutomobilNasional (PROTON) and Perusahaan OtomobilKeduaSdn. Bhd (PERODUA) now produce automobiles that dominate the Malaysian market. This has been made possible by enacting a series of protectionist policies like the requirement of local content, local labour, local partnership on the foreign companies that wanted to open their assembly plants in Malaysia. In addition, the government has proactively invested time and resources in boosting the two national automotive organizations - PROTON and PERODUA. As a result of the governmental policies, PROTON and PERODUA sell 90% of all domestic requirements while the two companies also export a large number of units worldwide (Business-in-Asia.com (n.d). However, with the implementation of Asian Free Trad e Area (AFTA) in the year 2005, the Malaysian automotive industry faced new challenges from neighbouring countries like Thailand and China, in terms of the quality and pricing and availability of imported cars in the market (Gabilaia, 2001).